一、高亮的一些问题
elasticsearch提供了三种高亮方式，前面我们已经简单的了解了elasticsearch的高亮原理; 高亮处理跟实际使用查询类型有十分紧密的关系，其中主要的一点就是muti term 查询的重写，例如wildcard、prefix等，由于查询本身和高亮都涉及到查询语句的重写，如果两者之间的重写机制不同，那么就可能会碰到以下情况
相同的查询语句， 使用unified和fvh得到的高亮结果是不同的，甚至fvh Highlighter无任何高亮信息返回；
二、数据环境
elasticsearch 8.0
PUT highlight_test
{
"mappings": {
"properties": {
"text":{
"type": "text",
"term_vector": "with_positions_offsets"
}
}
},
"settings": {
"number_of_replicas":0,
"number_of_shards": 1
}
}
PUT highlight_test/_doc/1
{
"name":"mango",
"text":"my name is mongo, i am test hightlight in elastic search"
}三、muti term查询重写简介
所谓muti term查询就是查询中并不是明确的关键字，而是需要elasticsearch重写查询语句，进一步明确关键字；以下查询会涉及到muti term查询重写；
fuzzy
prefix
query_string
regexp
wildcard以上查询都支持rewrite参数，最终将查询重写为bool查询或者bitset；
查询重写主要影响以下几方面
重写需要抓取哪些关键字以及抓取的数量；
抓取关键字的相关性计算方式；
查询重写支持以下参数选项
constant_score，默认值，如果需要抓取的关键字比较少，则重写为bool查询，否则抓取所有的关键字并重写为bitset；直接使用boost参数作为文档score，一般term level的查询的boost默认值为1；
constant_score_boolean，将查询重写为bool查询，并使用boost参数作为文档的score，受到indices.query.bool.max_clause_count 限制，所以默认最多抓取1024个关键字；
scoring_boolean，将查询重写为bool查询，并计算文档的相对权重，受到indices.query.bool.max_clause_count 限制，所以默认最多抓取1024个关键字；
top_terms_blended_freqs_N，抓取得分最高的前N个关键字，并将查询重写为bool查询；此选项不受indices.query.bool.max_clause_count 限制；选择命中文档的所有关键字中权重最大的作为文档的score；
top_terms_boost_N，抓取得分最高的前N个关键字，并将查询重写为bool查询；此选项不受indices.query.bool.max_clause_count 限制；直接使用boost作为文档的score；
top_terms_N，抓取得分最高的前N个关键字，并将查询重写为bool查询；此选项不受indices.query.bool.max_clause_count 限制；计算命中文档的相对权重作为评分；
三、wildcard查询重写分析
我们通过elasticsearch来查看一下以下查询语句的重写逻辑；
{
"query":{
"wildcard":{
"text":{
"value":"m*"
}
}
}
}通过查询使用的字段映射类型构建WildCardQuery，并使用查询语句中配置的rewrite对应的MultiTermQuery.RewriteMethod；
//WildcardQueryBuilder.java
@Override
protected Query doToQuery(SearchExecutionContext context) throws IOException {
MappedFieldType fieldType = context.getFieldType(fieldName);
if (fieldType == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Rewrite first");
}
MultiTermQuery.RewriteMethod method = QueryParsers.parseRewriteMethod(rewrite, null, LoggingDeprecationHandler.INSTANCE);
return fieldType.wildcardQuery(value, method, caseInsensitive, context);
}根据查询语句中配置的rewrite，查找对应的MultiTermQuery.RewriteMethod，由于我们没有在wildcard查询语句中设置rewrite参数，这里直接返回null；
//QueryParsers.java
public static MultiTermQuery.RewriteMethod parseRewriteMethod(
@Nullable String rewriteMethod,
@Nullable MultiTermQuery.RewriteMethod defaultRewriteMethod,
DeprecationHandler deprecationHandler
) {
if (rewriteMethod == null) {
return defaultRewriteMethod;
}
if (CONSTANT_SCORE.match(rewriteMethod, deprecationHandler)) {
return MultiTermQuery.CONSTANT_SCORE_REWRITE;
}
if (SCORING_BOOLEAN.match(rewriteMethod, deprecationHandler)) {
return MultiTermQuery.SCORING_BOOLEAN_REWRITE;
}
if (CONSTANT_SCORE_BOOLEAN.match(rewriteMethod, deprecationHandler)) {
return MultiTermQuery.CONSTANT_SCORE_BOOLEAN_REWRITE;
}
int firstDigit = -1;
for (int i = 0; i < rewriteMethod.length(); ++i) {
if (Character.isDigit(rewriteMethod.charAt(i))) {
firstDigit = i;
break;
}
}
if (firstDigit >= 0) {
final int size = Integer.parseInt(rewriteMethod.substring(firstDigit));
String rewriteMethodName = rewriteMethod.substring(0, firstDigit);
if (TOP_TERMS.match(rewriteMethodName, deprecationHandler)) {
return new MultiTermQuery.TopTermsScoringBooleanQueryRewrite(size);
}
if (TOP_TERMS_BOOST.match(rewriteMethodName, deprecationHandler)) {
return new MultiTermQuery.TopTermsBoostOnlyBooleanQueryRewrite(size);
}
if (TOP_TERMS_BLENDED_FREQS.match(rewriteMethodName, deprecationHandler)) {
return new MultiTermQuery.TopTermsBlendedFreqScoringRewrite(size);
}
}
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Failed to parse rewrite_method [" + rewriteMethod + "]");
}
}WildCardQuery继承MultiTermQuery，直接调用rewrite方法进行重写，由于我们没有在wildcard查询语句中设置rewrite参数，这里直接使用默认的CONSTANT_SCORE_REWRITE；
//MultiTermQuery.java
protected RewriteMethod rewriteMethod = CONSTANT_SCORE_REWRITE;
@Override
public final Query rewrite(IndexReader reader) throws IOException {
return rewriteMethod.rewrite(reader, this);
}可以看到CONSTANT_SCORE_REWRITE是直接使用的匿名类，rewrite方法返回的是MultiTermQueryConstantScoreWrapper的实例；
//MultiTermQuery.java
public static final RewriteMethod CONSTANT_SCORE_REWRITE =
new RewriteMethod() {
@Override
public Query rewrite(IndexReader reader, MultiTermQuery query) {
return new MultiTermQueryConstantScoreWrapper<>(query);
}
};在以下方法中，首先会得到查询字段对应的所有term集合；
然后通过 query.getTermsEnum获取跟查询匹配的所有term集合；
最后根据collectTerms调用的返回值决定是否构建bool查询还是bit set；
//MultiTermQueryConstantScoreWrapper.java
private WeightOrDocIdSet rewrite(LeafReaderContext context) throws IOException {
final Terms terms = context.reader().terms(query.field);
if (terms == null) {
// field does not exist
return new WeightOrDocIdSet((DocIdSet) null);
}
final TermsEnum termsEnum = query.getTermsEnum(terms);
assert termsEnum != null;
PostingsEnum docs = null;
final List<TermAndState> collectedTerms = new ArrayList<>();
if (collectTerms(context, termsEnum, collectedTerms)) {
// build a boolean query
BooleanQuery.Builder bq = new BooleanQuery.Builder();
for (TermAndState t : collectedTerms) {
final TermStates termStates = new TermStates(searcher.getTopReaderContext());
termStates.register(t.state, context.ord, t.docFreq, t.totalTermFreq);
bq.add(new TermQuery(new Term(query.field, t.term), termStates), Occur.SHOULD);
}
Query q = new ConstantScoreQuery(bq.build());
final Weight weight = searcher.rewrite(q).createWeight(searcher, scoreMode, score());
return new WeightOrDocIdSet(weight);
}
// Too many terms: go back to the terms we already collected and start building the bit set
DocIdSetBuilder builder = new DocIdSetBuilder(context.reader().maxDoc(), terms);
if (collectedTerms.isEmpty() == false) {
TermsEnum termsEnum2 = terms.iterator();
for (TermAndState t : collectedTerms) {
termsEnum2.seekExact(t.term, t.state);
docs = termsEnum2.postings(docs, PostingsEnum.NONE);
builder.add(docs);
}
}
// Then keep filling the bit set with remaining terms
do {
docs = termsEnum.postings(docs, PostingsEnum.NONE);
builder.add(docs);
} while (termsEnum.next() != null);
return new WeightOrDocIdSet(builder.build());
}调用collectTerms默认只会提取查询命中的16个关键字；
//MultiTermQueryConstantScoreWrapper.java
private static final int BOOLEAN_REWRITE_TERM_COUNT_THRESHOLD = 16;
private boolean collectTerms(
LeafReaderContext context, TermsEnum termsEnum, List<TermAndState> terms)
throws IOException {
final int threshold =
Math.min(BOOLEAN_REWRITE_TERM_COUNT_THRESHOLD, IndexSearcher.getMaxClauseCount());
for (int i = 0; i < threshold; ++i) {
final BytesRef term = termsEnum.next();
if (term == null) {
return true;
}
TermState state = termsEnum.termState();
terms.add(
new TermAndState(
BytesRef.deepCopyOf(term),
state,
termsEnum.docFreq(),
termsEnum.totalTermFreq()));
}
return termsEnum.next() == null;
}通过以上分析wildcard查询默认情况下，会提取字段中所有命中查询的关键字；
四、fvh Highlighter中wildcard的查询重写
在muti term query中，提取查询关键字是高亮逻辑一个很重要的步骤；
我们使用以下高亮语句，分析以下高亮中提取查询关键字过程中的查询重写；
{
"query":{
"wildcard":{
"text":{
"value":"m*"
}
}
},
"highlight":{
"fields":{
"text":{
"type":"fvh"
}
}
}
}默认情况下只有匹配的字段才会进行高亮，这里构建CustomFieldQuery；
//FastVectorHighlighter.java
if (field.fieldOptions().requireFieldMatch()) {
/*
* we use top level reader to rewrite the query against all readers,
* with use caching it across hits (and across readers...)
*/
entry.fieldMatchFieldQuery = new CustomFieldQuery(
fieldContext.query,
hitContext.topLevelReader(),
true,
field.fieldOptions().requireFieldMatch()
);
}通过调用flatten方法得到重写之后的flatQueries，然后将每个提取的关键字重写为BoostQuery；
//FieldQuery.java
public FieldQuery(Query query, IndexReader reader, boolean phraseHighlight, boolean fieldMatch)
throws IOException {
this.fieldMatch = fieldMatch;
Set<Query> flatQueries = new LinkedHashSet<>();
flatten(query, reader, flatQueries, 1f);
saveTerms(flatQueries, reader);
Collection<Query> expandQueries = expand(flatQueries);
for (Query flatQuery : expandQueries) {
QueryPhraseMap rootMap = getRootMap(flatQuery);
rootMap.add(flatQuery, reader);
float boost = 1f;
while (flatQuery instanceof BoostQuery) {
BoostQuery bq = (BoostQuery) flatQuery;
flatQuery = bq.getQuery();
boost *= bq.getBoost();
}
if (!phraseHighlight && flatQuery instanceof PhraseQuery) {
PhraseQuery pq = (PhraseQuery) flatQuery;
if (pq.getTerms().length > 1) {
for (Term term : pq.getTerms()) rootMap.addTerm(term, boost);
}
}
}
}由于WildCardQuery是MultiTermQuery的子类，所以在flatten方法中最终直接使用MultiTermQuery.TopTermsScoringBooleanQueryRewrite进行查询重写，这里的top N是MAX_MTQ_TERMS = 1024；
//FieldQuery.java
private static final int MAX_MTQ_TERMS = 1024;
protected void flatten(
Query sourceQuery, IndexReader reader, Collection<Query> flatQueries, float boost)
throws IOException {
..................................
..................................
else if (reader != null) {
Query query = sourceQuery;
Query rewritten;
if (sourceQuery instanceof MultiTermQuery) {
rewritten =
new MultiTermQuery.TopTermsScoringBooleanQueryRewrite(MAX_MTQ_TERMS)
.rewrite(reader, (MultiTermQuery) query);
} else {
rewritten = query.rewrite(reader);
}
if (rewritten != query) {
// only rewrite once and then flatten again - the rewritten query could have a speacial
// treatment
// if this method is overwritten in a subclass.
flatten(rewritten, reader, flatQueries, boost);
}
// if the query is already rewritten we discard it
}
// else discard queries
}这里首先计算设置的size和getMaxSize(默认值1024， IndexSearcher.getMaxClauseCount())计算最终提取的命中关键字数量，这里最终是1024个；
这里省略了传入collectTerms的TermCollector匿名子类的实现，其余最终提取关键字数量有关；
//FieldQuery.java
@Override
public final Query rewrite(final IndexReader reader, final MultiTermQuery query)
throws IOException {
final int maxSize = Math.min(size, getMaxSize());
final PriorityQueue<ScoreTerm> stQueue = new PriorityQueue<>();
collectTerms(
reader,
query,
new TermCollector() {
................
});
.............
return build(b);
}这里首先获取查询字段对应的所有term集合，然后获取所有的与查询匹配的term集合，最终通过传入的collector提取关键字；
//TermCollectingRewrite.java
final void collectTerms(IndexReader reader, MultiTermQuery query, TermCollector collector)
throws IOException {
IndexReaderContext topReaderContext = reader.getContext();
for (LeafReaderContext context : topReaderContext.leaves()) {
final Terms terms = context.reader().terms(query.field);
if (terms == null) {
// field does not exist
continue;
}
final TermsEnum termsEnum = getTermsEnum(query, terms, collector.attributes);
assert termsEnum != null;
if (termsEnum == TermsEnum.EMPTY) continue;
collector.setReaderContext(topReaderContext, context);
collector.setNextEnum(termsEnum);
BytesRef bytes;
while ((bytes = termsEnum.next()) != null) {
if (!collector.collect(bytes))
return; // interrupt whole term collection, so also don't iterate other subReaders
}
}
}这里通过控制最终提取匹配查询的关键字的数量不超过maxSize；
//TopTermsRewrite.java
@Override
public boolean collect(BytesRef bytes) throws IOException {
final float boost = boostAtt.getBoost();
// make sure within a single seg we always collect
// terms in order
assert compareToLastTerm(bytes);
// System.out.println("TTR.collect term=" + bytes.utf8ToString() + " boost=" + boost + "
// ord=" + readerContext.ord);
// ignore uncompetitive hits
if (stQueue.size() == maxSize) {
final ScoreTerm t = stQueue.peek();
if (boost < t.boost) return true;
if (boost == t.boost && bytes.compareTo(t.bytes.get()) > 0) return true;
}
ScoreTerm t = visitedTerms.get(bytes);
final TermState state = termsEnum.termState();
assert state != null;
if (t != null) {
// if the term is already in the PQ, only update docFreq of term in PQ
assert t.boost == boost : "boost should be equal in all segment TermsEnums";
t.termState.register(
state, readerContext.ord, termsEnum.docFreq(), termsEnum.totalTermFreq());
} else {
// add new entry in PQ, we must clone the term, else it may get overwritten!
st.bytes.copyBytes(bytes);
st.boost = boost;
visitedTerms.put(st.bytes.get(), st);
assert st.termState.docFreq() == 0;
st.termState.register(
state, readerContext.ord, termsEnum.docFreq(), termsEnum.totalTermFreq());
stQueue.offer(st);
// possibly drop entries from queue
if (stQueue.size() > maxSize) {
st = stQueue.poll();
visitedTerms.remove(st.bytes.get());
st.termState.clear(); // reset the termstate!
} else {
st = new ScoreTerm(new TermStates(topReaderContext));
}
assert stQueue.size() <= maxSize : "the PQ size must be limited to maxSize";
// set maxBoostAtt with values to help FuzzyTermsEnum to optimize
if (stQueue.size() == maxSize) {
t = stQueue.peek();
maxBoostAtt.setMaxNonCompetitiveBoost(t.boost);
maxBoostAtt.setCompetitiveTerm(t.bytes.get());
}
}
return true;
}通过以上分析可以看到，fvh Highlighter对multi term query的重写，直接使用MultiTermQuery.TopTermsScoringBooleanQueryRewrite，并限制只能最多提取查询关键字1024个；
五、重写可能导致的高亮问题原因分析
经过以上对查询和高亮的重写过程分析可以知道，默认情况下
query阶段提取的是命中查询的所有的关键字，具体行为可以通过rewrite参数进行定制；
Highlight阶段提取的是命中查询的关键字中的前1024个，具体行为不受rewrite参数的控制；
如果查询的字段是大文本字段，导致字段的关键字很多，就可能会出现查询命中的文档的关键字不在前1024个里边，从而导致明明匹配了文档，但是却没有返回高亮信息；
六、解决方案
- 进一步明确查询关键字，减少查询命中的关键字的数量，例如输入更多的字符，；
- 使用其他类型的查询替换multi term query；
